Phraates II (also spelled Frahad II; Parthian: 𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕 Frahāt) was king of the Parthian Empire from 132 BC to 127 BC. He was the son and successor of Mithridates I (r. 171–132 BC).
Because he was still very young when he came to the throne, his mother Rinnu initially ruled on his behalf. His short reign was mainly marked by his war with the Seleucid Empire, which under king Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138–129 BC) attempted to regain the lands lost to Phraates' father. Initially unsuccessful in the conflict, Phraates II managed to gain the upper hand and defeated Antiochus VII's forces, with the Seleucid ruler himself dying in battle or committing suicide. Phraates II afterwards rushed to the east to repel an invasion by nomadic tribes—the Saka and Yuezhi, where he met his end. He was succeeded by his uncle Artabanus I.
Name
Phraátēs (Φραάτης) is the Greek form of the Parthian Frahāt (𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕), itself from the Old Iranian *Frahāta- ("gained, earned").1 The Modern Persian version is Farhād (فرهاد).2
Background
Phraates II was born in c. 147 BC; he was the son of Mithridates I, the fifth Parthian king, and a noblewoman named Rinnu, who was the daughter of a Median magnate.3
Early reign and policy
Phraates succeeded his father in 132 BC; due to still being a minor, his mother ruled with him for a few months.4 Around this period, Phraates gave Darayan I kingship over the southern Iranian region of Persis.5 He also defeated and captured the ruler of Elymais Tigraios and appointed Kamnaskires the Younger to the throne of Elymais as a Parthian vassal.6 Continuing his father's plan, Phraates II had intentions to conquer Syria, and planned to use his captive—the former Seleucid king Demetrius II Nicator—as an instrument against his brother—the new Seleucid king Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138–129 BC).78 According to the 2nd-century Roman historian Justin, Demetrius attempted to escape captivity twice, both times during the reign of Phraates. The first attempt occurred after Mithridates I's death, with the second attempt happening a few years after:
Following his [Mithradates I's] death, despairing of [ever] returning [home], Demetrios, who did not bear his captivity, and was weary of a life, albeit opulent, as a private person, contemplated in secret a flight to (his) kingdom. […] But Phrahates, who had succeeded to Arsaces [Mithradates I], brought back the fugitive [Demetrios], who had been overtaken by the rapidity of the horsemen. Being taken to the king… he [the king] sent Demetrios, severely chastised, back to his wife in Hyrcania, and ordered that he be kept in confinement. Then, time having gone by… he [Demetrios] took flight again with the same friend as companion, with equal misfortune, he was seized near the borders of his kingdom, and conducted again to the king who regarded him with ill will; he was removed from his presence. Thereupon, as a grant to his wife and children he was sent back to Hyrcania, the city of his [former] imprisonment…9
— Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, 38.9.4–9
War with Antiochus VII
Antiochus, well-aware of Phraates II's plan to use his brother against him, invaded the Parthian realm in 130 BC to thwart it.810 He was reportedly well received by many magnates, who joined him. After three battles he reclaimed Babylonia.1112 At the same time, the eastern Parthian frontier was invaded by nomads.7 Antiochus' forces wintered in Parthian territory; before spring, he entered into negotiations with Phraates II.13 Self-confident after his victories, Antiochus demanded not only the release of Demetrius, but also the return of the all lost lands and renewal of tribute fees. Phraates II, offended by the reply, broke off the negotiations and prepared for battle.137
Whilst wintering, Antiochus VII quartered himself and his army in Ecbatana, where he completely alienated the local people by forcing them to pay for the upkeep of his soldiers and because, it seems, the soldiers assaulted the locals.11 Thus, when Phraates II attacked the Seleucid army in its winter quarters during the spring of 129 BC, the local population supported him. Antiochus was defeated and died, either in battle or by committing suicide, ending Seleucid rule east of the Euphrates.14 Phraates, relishing over the death of Antiochus, is reported to have said the following before the latter's corpse: "Your boldness and drunkenness, Antiochus, caused your fall; for you expected to drink up the kingdom of Arsaces in huge cups."15
Phraates II succeeded in capturing Seleucus and Laodice, two of Antiochus' children who had accompanied their father on campaign. Phraates II later married Laodice and showed Seleucus (not to be confused with his cousin Seleucus V) great favour.16 He allowed Antiochus a royal funeral and later returned the body to Syria in a silver coffin along with Seleucus.17 Phraates II also released Demetrius, who had been held by the Parthians as a hostage for several years, to become king of the Seleucid realm for a second time.
Syria, which was now all that was left of the Seleucid empire, lacked military power and Phraates II apparently planned to invade it. However, on the eastern front, various nomadic tribes already infiltrating and usurping the Saka and Tokhari destroyed the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, penetrated to the borders of the realm in 129 BC, and threatened the Parthian realm.18 The king had to rush to the eastern front, installing Himeros as governor of Babylon, who quickly became a tyrant. Phraates II marched east, his army including a large force of captured Seleucid soldiers from the army of the late Antiochus. These soldiers ultimately refused to fight for the Parthian king, and he was defeated and killed in battle.19
Coinage and Imperial ideology
Phraates refrained from using the title of "King of Kings" in his coinage, and instead used the title of "great king".20 Like the rest of the Parthian kings, he used the title of Arsaces on his coinage, which was the name of the first Parthian ruler Arsaces I (r. 247 – 217 BC) and had become a royal honorific among the Parthian monarchs out of admiration for his achievements.2122
Furthermore, he also used the title of Philhellene ("friend of the Greeks"),23 which had been introduced during the reign of his father Mithridates I (r. 171 – 132 BC) as a political act in order to establish friendly relations with their Greek subjects.24 An unusual title attested during the reign of Phraates was the title of "King of the Lands" (attested in Babylonian cuneiform tablets as šar mātāti), which was rarely used by the Seleucid monarchs.25 Like his father, Phraates is depicted on coins wearing a Hellenistic diadem, whilst his beard represents the traditional Iranian/Near Eastern custom.26
Bibliography
Ancient works
- Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus.
Modern works
- Assar, Gholamreza F. (2006). "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91-55 BC". Parthica. Incontri di Culture Nel Mondo Antico. 8. Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali. ISBN 978-8-881-47453-0. ISSN 1128-6342.
- Assar, Gholamreza F. (2009). "Artabanus of Trogus Pompeius' 41st Prologue". Electrum. 15. Kraków.
- Bing, D.; Sievers, J. (1986). "Antiochus". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2. pp. 125–135.
- Brown, Stuart C. (1997). "Ecbatana". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1. pp. 80–84.
- Bickerman, Elias J. (1983). "The Seleucid Period". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Vol. 3(1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–20. ISBN 0-521-20092-X.
- Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Vol. 3(1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–99. ISBN 0-521-20092-X.
- Brosius, Maria (2006), The Persians: An Introduction, London & New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-32089-5
Further reading
- Overtoom, N. L. (2021). The Parthians’ Failed Vassalage of Syria: The Shortsighted Western Policy of Phraates II and the Second Reign of Demetrius II (129–125 BCE), Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 60(1-2), 1-14. Retrieved Mar 16, 2022, from https://akjournals.com/view/journals/068/60/1-2/article-p1.xml
Notes