Nikolay Nikolayevich Krestinsky (Russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Крести́нский; 13 October 1883 – 15 March 1938) was a Soviet Bolshevik revolutionary and politician who served as the Responsible Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Born~Died Oct 13, 1883 ~ Mar 15, 1938Last edited Oct 15, 2026, 3:18 PM
Krestinsky was an ally of Leon Trotsky and supported the Left Opposition. With the rise of Joseph Stalin, Krestinsky gradually fell from power and lost his positions in the government, save for his post as Soviet ambassador to Germany. He eventually repudiated his opposition and capitulated to Stalin. Krestinsky was arrested in 1937 in the and charged with treason. He was found guilty in the 1938 and executed.
This page is based on “Nikolay Krestinsky” from English Wikipedia, (r1378215969) CC BY-SA 4.0 used under the license. The original authors are listed in its page history.
Krestinsky was born in the town of Mogilev,12 in what is now Mogilev Region of Belarus in to the family of a teacher. His family was Ukrainian.3 He was educated at the Vilno (Vilnius) Gymnasium and studied law at St Petersburg University. After graduating in 1907, he worked for ten years as a barrister and barrister's assistant.3
Rise
Having become radicalised when he first entered university, Krestinsky joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in Vilno in 1903. From 1905, he supported its Bolshevik faction, led by Vladimir Lenin. He was arrested in Vilno in 1904, then again in St Petersburg in February 1905, but was released both times, pending a trial. He was arrested again, twice, during the 1905 revolution, but released under an amnesty. In total, he was arrested nine times.4 On the outbreak of war in 1914, he was deported to the Urals.
After the February Revolution, which overthrew monarchy in Russia, Krestinsky was chairman of the Yekaterinburg and Urals committee of the Bolshevik party, and was elected a member of the Central Committee in July 1917. After the October Revolution, he moved to Petrograd (St Petersburg) as deputy head of the state bank. In August 1918 – 1921, he was People's Commissar for Finance.
In January 1918, during the dispute over whether to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to take Russia out of the war, Krestinsky was one of just two members of the Central Committee to vote to reject the treaty and fight a 'revolutionary war' with Germany, but in March 1918, to avoid a split that might have driven Lenin, he ended his opposition.5
In March 1921, after the early death of Yakov Sverdlov, Krestinsky received a sudden promotion to the post of Secretary of the Central Committee. He was also elected a member of the original five-member Politburo, and of the first Orgburo. At first, he was the only Central Committee secretary. In 1920–21 he was the senior one of three.
Fall from power
As the official responsible for party appointments, Krestinsky took a conciliatory line towards dissenters, for which he was openly attacked by Grigory Zinoviev, who was backed up by Joseph Stalin and others who later formed the Stalinist faction within the party.6 At the same time, Leon Trotsky was under attack from the same direction in a dispute over the role of the trade unions, in which Krestinsky backed Trotsky, against Lenin. At the end of the Tenth Party Congress he was sacked as the party's responsible secretary in April 1921, and replaced by Vyacheslav Molotov (and a year later by Stalin), and removed from the Politburo, Orgburo, and the Central Committee.
During the powers struggle that followed Lenin's death, Krestinsky supported Trotsky and the Left Opposition. He and Trotsky spent hours discussing the situation in the Soviet Union when Trotsky visited Berlin incognito for about six weeks in April–May 1926.7 Krestinsky told him that Stalin was "a bad man, with yellow eyes.".8
But on 27 November 1927, he wrote to Trotsky saying that he no longer agreed with the programme of the Left Opposition. In April 1928, he publicly repudiated the opposition, claiming that he had never been an active member, making him one of the first Trotskyists to capitulate to Stalin.9
Diplomatic career
Krestinsky was Soviet ambassador in Germany from 1921 to 1930. In this capacity, he negotiated the first trade agreement with Hungary, in 1925, and the German-Soviet treaty of 1926. In 1930, he was recalled to Moscow and appointed Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, in place of Maxim Litvinov, who had been promoted to People's Commissar. The post was an important and sensitive one because of Soviet Russia's crucial and delicate relationship with Germany at the time, but not nearly as important as his previous posts.
Show trial and death
In March 1937, early in the Great Purge, Krestinsky was suddenly transferred to the post of USSR Deputy People's Commissar for Justice.4 He was arrested in May 1937. In prison he was beaten unconscious, and, according to a doctor who worked in Lefortovo Prison, was beaten so badly that there was not any part of his back that was not discoloured by bruises.10 After a 'confession' had been forced out of him, he was put on trial (as part of the Trial of the Twenty One) on 12 March 1938. While almost all of the other defendants admitted their guilt during the Moscow Trials, on the first day of the trial, 2 March, Krestinsky told the presiding judge, Vasili Ulrikh:
I do not plead guilty. I am not a Trotskyite. I was never a member of the 'bloc of Rights and Trotskyites', of whose existence I was not aware. Nor have I committed any of the crimes with which I personally am charged; in particular I -plead not guilty of having had connections with the German intelligence service.11
The following day, he made a total reversal of his position:
Yesterday, under the influence of a momentary keen feeling of false shame, evoked by the atmosphere of the dock and the painful impression created by the public reading of the indictment, which was aggravated by my poor health, I could not bring myself to tell the truth, I could not bring myself to say that I was guilty. And instead of saying, "Yes, I am guilty," I almost mechanically answered, "No, I am not guilty."12
Such a reversion was a rare episode in the show trials, of the late 1930s. It caused speculation that the person brought back on the second day was not Krestinsky, but someone recruited to play him, or that he had been hypnotised.13 He went on to 'confess' that he was a German agent, and that he had met Trotsky in the Tyrol resort of Merano in October 1933 to receive instructions on sabotage. However, Trotsky was under constant surveillance by Soviet agents at the time and KGB records from the 1950s do not mention any trip to Merano.10 Trotsky told the New York Herald Tribune that he had never been to the resort and had not spoken to Krestinsky since 1927.
Krestinsky was sentenced to death and executed on 15 March 1938.14
He was partially exonerated during Nikita Khrushchev's destalinisation program, when, on 27 October 1963, Izvestia carried an article by the former soviet ambassador to Great Britain, Ivan Maisky, praising Krestinsky as a "diplomat of the Leninist school.".15 He was cleared of all charges during Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika reforms.16
Personality
Joseph E. Davies, who was the US ambassador to the USSR in 1938, described Krestinsky in his memoir, Mission to Moscow as "a short-sighted little man with a rather repulsive face" – but his view must have been coloured by the fact that he accepted the confessions by defendants at the March 1938 show trial, which he attended. He told the US State Department that "if the charges are true a terrible sordid picture of human nature at its worst is being unfolded."17Victor Serge, who knew him in the 1920s, wrote that:
Krestinsky was a man of outstanding intelligence, discretion and courage ... He was astoundingly myopic, so that his shrewd eyes, hidden behind lenses a quarter of an inch thick, seemed to have a timid expression. With his tall, bare skull and his wisp of dark beard, he made one think of a scholar. Actually, he was a great practical technician of Socialism.18
Family
Krestinsky's Jewish wife, Vera (née Yugenburg), who worked as a doctor, was arrested in February 1938, charged with being the wife of a 'traitor to the Motherland', and sentenced to 10 years in prison.19 Their 19-year-old daughter, Natalya, a student at a Medical Institute in Moscow, was arrested in June 1939 and exiled to Krasnoyarsk territory for three years. She was 'rehabilitated' in 1956.20
Notes
Footnotes
"Март". old.memo.ru. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved Aug 25, 2020. ↩
Georges Haupt, and Jean-Jaques Marie (1974). Makers of the Russian Revolution. (This volume contains an English translation of a biographical essay Krestinsky wrote about himself for an encyclopaedia published in 1927) London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 152. ISBN 0-04-947021-3. ↩↩2
Schapiro, Leonard (1963). The Origin of the Communist Autocracy, Political Opposition in the Soviet State: First Phase, 1917–1922. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. pp. 101, 106. ↩
Deutscher, Isaac (1989). The Prophet Unarmed, Trotsky 1921–1929. Oxford: Oxford U.P. p. 266. ISBN 0-19-281065-0. ↩
Trotsky, Leon (1975). My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 467. ↩
Daniels, Robert Vincent (1969). The Conscience of the Revolution, Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 372. ISBN 0-671-20387-8. ↩
Report of Court Proceedings in the case of the Anti-Soviet 'Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites'. Moscow: People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR. 1938. p. 36. ↩
Krestinsky was an ally of Leon Trotsky and supported the Left Opposition. With the rise of Joseph Stalin, Krestinsky gradually fell from power and lost his positions in the government, save for his post as . He eventually repudiated his opposition and capitulated to Stalin. Krestinsky was arrested in 1937 in the and charged with treason. He was found guilty in the 1938 and executed.
Krestinsky was born in the town of Mogilev,12 in what is now Mogilev Region of Belarus in to the family of a teacher. His family was Ukrainian.3 He was educated at the Vilno (Vilnius) Gymnasium and studied law at St Petersburg University. After graduating in 1907, he worked for ten years as a barrister and barrister's assistant.3
Rise
Having become radicalised when he first entered university, Krestinsky joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in Vilno in 1903. From 1905, he supported its Bolshevik faction, led by Vladimir Lenin. He was arrested in Vilno in 1904, then again in St Petersburg in February 1905, but was released both times, pending a trial. He was arrested again, twice, during the 1905 revolution, but released under an amnesty. In total, he was arrested nine times.4 On the outbreak of war in 1914, he was deported to the Urals.
After the February Revolution, which overthrew monarchy in Russia, Krestinsky was chairman of the Yekaterinburg and Urals committee of the Bolshevik party, and was elected a member of the Central Committee in July 1917. After the October Revolution, he moved to Petrograd (St Petersburg) as deputy head of the state bank. In August 1918 – 1921, he was People's Commissar for Finance.
In January 1918, during the dispute over whether to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to take Russia out of the war, Krestinsky was one of just two members of the Central Committee to vote to reject the treaty and fight a 'revolutionary war' with Germany, but in March 1918, to avoid a split that might have driven Lenin, he ended his opposition.5
In March 1921, after the early death of Yakov Sverdlov, Krestinsky received a sudden promotion to the post of Secretary of the Central Committee. He was also elected a member of the original five-member Politburo, and of the first Orgburo. At first, he was the only Central Committee secretary. In 1920–21 he was the senior one of three.
Fall from power
As the official responsible for party appointments, Krestinsky took a conciliatory line towards dissenters, for which he was openly attacked by Grigory Zinoviev, who was backed up by Joseph Stalin and others who later formed the Stalinist faction within the party.6 At the same time, Leon Trotsky was under attack from the same direction in a dispute over the role of the trade unions, in which Krestinsky backed Trotsky, against Lenin. At the end of the Tenth Party Congress he was sacked as the party's responsible secretary in April 1921, and replaced by Vyacheslav Molotov (and a year later by Stalin), and removed from the Politburo, Orgburo, and the Central Committee.
During the powers struggle that followed Lenin's death, Krestinsky supported Trotsky and the Left Opposition. He and Trotsky spent hours discussing the situation in the Soviet Union when Trotsky visited Berlin incognito for about six weeks in April–May 1926.7 Krestinsky told him that Stalin was "a bad man, with yellow eyes.".8
But on 27 November 1927, he wrote to Trotsky saying that he no longer agreed with the programme of the Left Opposition. In April 1928, he publicly repudiated the opposition, claiming that he had never been an active member, making him one of the first Trotskyists to capitulate to Stalin.9
Diplomatic career
Krestinsky was Soviet ambassador in Germany from 1921 to 1930. In this capacity, he negotiated the first trade agreement with Hungary, in 1925, and the German-Soviet treaty of 1926. In 1930, he was recalled to Moscow and appointed Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, in place of Maxim Litvinov, who had been promoted to People's Commissar. The post was an important and sensitive one because of Soviet Russia's crucial and delicate relationship with Germany at the time, but not nearly as important as his previous posts.
Show trial and death
In March 1937, early in the Great Purge, Krestinsky was suddenly transferred to the post of USSR Deputy People's Commissar for Justice.4 He was arrested in May 1937. In prison he was beaten unconscious, and, according to a doctor who worked in Lefortovo Prison, was beaten so badly that there was not any part of his back that was not discoloured by bruises.10 After a 'confession' had been forced out of him, he was put on trial (as part of the Trial of the Twenty One) on 12 March 1938. While almost all of the other defendants admitted their guilt during the Moscow Trials, on the first day of the trial, 2 March, Krestinsky told the presiding judge, Vasili Ulrikh:
I do not plead guilty. I am not a Trotskyite. I was never a member of the 'bloc of Rights and Trotskyites', of whose existence I was not aware. Nor have I committed any of the crimes with which I personally am charged; in particular I -plead not guilty of having had connections with the German intelligence service.11
The following day, he made a total reversal of his position:
Yesterday, under the influence of a momentary keen feeling of false shame, evoked by the atmosphere of the dock and the painful impression created by the public reading of the indictment, which was aggravated by my poor health, I could not bring myself to tell the truth, I could not bring myself to say that I was guilty. And instead of saying, "Yes, I am guilty," I almost mechanically answered, "No, I am not guilty."12
Such a reversion was a rare episode in the show trials, of the late 1930s. It caused speculation that the person brought back on the second day was not Krestinsky, but someone recruited to play him, or that he had been hypnotised.13 He went on to 'confess' that he was a German agent, and that he had met Trotsky in the Tyrol resort of Merano in October 1933 to receive instructions on sabotage. However, Trotsky was under constant surveillance by Soviet agents at the time and KGB records from the 1950s do not mention any trip to Merano.10 Trotsky told the New York Herald Tribune that he had never been to the resort and had not spoken to Krestinsky since 1927.
Krestinsky was sentenced to death and executed on 15 March 1938.14
He was partially exonerated during Nikita Khrushchev's destalinisation program, when, on 27 October 1963, Izvestia carried an article by the former soviet ambassador to Great Britain, Ivan Maisky, praising Krestinsky as a "diplomat of the Leninist school.".15 He was cleared of all charges during Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika reforms.16
Personality
Joseph E. Davies, who was the US ambassador to the USSR in 1938, described Krestinsky in his memoir, Mission to Moscow as "a short-sighted little man with a rather repulsive face" – but his view must have been coloured by the fact that he accepted the confessions by defendants at the March 1938 show trial, which he attended. He told the US State Department that "if the charges are true a terrible sordid picture of human nature at its worst is being unfolded."17Victor Serge, who knew him in the 1920s, wrote that:
Krestinsky was a man of outstanding intelligence, discretion and courage ... He was astoundingly myopic, so that his shrewd eyes, hidden behind lenses a quarter of an inch thick, seemed to have a timid expression. With his tall, bare skull and his wisp of dark beard, he made one think of a scholar. Actually, he was a great practical technician of Socialism.18
Family
Krestinsky's Jewish wife, Vera (née Yugenburg), who worked as a doctor, was arrested in February 1938, charged with being the wife of a 'traitor to the Motherland', and sentenced to 10 years in prison.19 Their 19-year-old daughter, Natalya, a student at a Medical Institute in Moscow, was arrested in June 1939 and exiled to Krasnoyarsk territory for three years. She was 'rehabilitated' in 1956.20
Notes
Footnotes
"Март". old.memo.ru. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved Aug 25, 2020. ↩
Georges Haupt, and Jean-Jaques Marie (1974). Makers of the Russian Revolution. (This volume contains an English translation of a biographical essay Krestinsky wrote about himself for an encyclopaedia published in 1927) London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 152. ISBN 0-04-947021-3. ↩↩2
Schapiro, Leonard (1963). The Origin of the Communist Autocracy, Political Opposition in the Soviet State: First Phase, 1917–1922. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. pp. 101, 106. ↩
Deutscher, Isaac (1989). The Prophet Unarmed, Trotsky 1921–1929. Oxford: Oxford U.P. p. 266. ISBN 0-19-281065-0. ↩
Trotsky, Leon (1975). My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 467. ↩
Daniels, Robert Vincent (1969). The Conscience of the Revolution, Communist Opposition in Soviet Russia. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 372. ISBN 0-671-20387-8. ↩
Report of Court Proceedings in the case of the Anti-Soviet 'Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites'. Moscow: People's Commissariat of Justice of the USSR. 1938. p. 36. ↩