GeneraloberstFriedrich Wilhelm Waldemar Fromm (8 October 1888 – 12 March 1945) was a German Army officer. In World War II, Fromm was Commander in Chief of the Replacement Army (Ersatzheer), in charge of training and personnel replacement for combat divisions of the German Army, a position he occupied for most of the war.1 He was executed for failing to act against the plot of 20 July 1944 to assassinate Adolf Hitler.
In 1939, Fromm became Chief of Army Equipment and commander of the Replacement Army.3
When Operation Barbarossa stalled outside of Moscow in December 1941 and the Russian counter-attack started, Hitler took direct command of the Army and re-organized the armed forces' command structure. The Office of the Chief of Army Armament and the Reserve Army under Generaloberst Friedrich Fromm was created, subordinate to the commander in chief, army (head of the OKH, Hitler). Fromm had enough power at his disposal to control the German state because his position controlled army procurement and production and commanded all army troops inside Germany.4
At the beginning of 1942, Fromm apparently recommended a defensive strategy for the entire year because of exhausted army stockpiles and the diversion of production, after the initial successes of in the summer of 1941.
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In World War II, Fromm was Commander in Chief of the Reserve Army (Ersatzheer), in charge of training and personnel replacement for the German Army, a position he occupied for most of the war. Fromm was aware that some of his subordinates, most notably his chief of staff, OberstClaus SchenkGraf von Stauffenberg, were planning an assassination attempt against Adolf Hitler. He remained quiet and agreed to have a part in it, if he became a top official of the new government after the mutiny. When the attempt to proceed with the mutiny on July 15 failed, he refused to have any further part in it.5
On 20 July, news broke that Hitler and several officers of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces had become victims of an explosion in the German military's headquarters on the Eastern Front, the Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair), near Rastenburg, East Prussia (now Kętrzyn, Poland). Fromm concluded that it was Graf von Stauffenberg and the plotters who were behind the explosion and, upon being informed over the phone by Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel that Hitler had survived the bomb, attempted to arrest them as they were initiating Operation Valkyrie (they had forged Fromm's signature to begin the operation). However, he was quickly overwhelmed and confined to a prison cell in the Bendlerblock, the Berlin headquarters of the Replacement Army, among other branches of the Wehrmacht.6
After the coup failed, Fromm was found by men of the Ersatzheer and freed. Despite protests from Otto Ernst Remer who had direct orders from Hitler to take the conspirators alive, Fromm held a summary court-martial of the active soldiers at his headquarters who had been identified or suspected of being part of the coup. As presiding official, Fromm condemned the officers to death and ordered their immediate execution by firing squad.7 As for retired Colonel-General Ludwig Beck, Fromm allowed his request to kill himself, but since he survived the suicide attempt, Fromm ordered him to be shot.8
Arrest, trial and execution
After the Bendlerblock executions, Generaloberst Fromm went to Joseph Goebbels to claim credit for suppressing the coup, to which Goebbels only said: "You have been in a damn hurry to get your witnesses below ground."9 On the morning of 22 July 1944, Fromm and other members of the conspiracy were arrested.10 Since the court, presided over by Judge Roland Freisler, failed to prove a direct association with the 20 July plotters, but his knowledge of the conspiracy plan was proven, which he never warned the high Nazi leaders about, he was instead charged and convicted for cowardice before the enemy. However, because he had executed the conspirators within reach, he was spared torture and execution by hanging with a thin rope and sentenced to a military execution.11
On 12 March 1945, Fromm was executed at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison by firing squad as part of the post-conspiracy purge by Hitler's direct order. His last words before the firing squad were reported to be: "I die, because it was ordered. I had always wanted only the best for Germany."12
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945: The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of All Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
Kroener, Bernhard R. (2005). "Der starke Mann im Heimatkriegsgebiet". Generaloberst Friedrich Fromm. Eine Biographie. Paderborn: Schoeningh, Oler family (Alberta, Canada)
Mueller, Gene: Generaloberst Friedrich Fromm. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (ed.): Hitlers militärische Elite. Vol. 1, Primus Verlag, Darmstadt 1998, ISBN 3-89678-083-2, p. 76. ↩
Matikkala, Antti (2017). Kunnian ruletti: Korkeimmat ulkomaalaisille 1941–1944 annetut suomalaiset kunniamerkit [The Roulette of Honour: The Highest Finnish Orders to Foreigners 1941–1944] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. p. 516. ISBN 978-952-222-847-5. ↩↩2
GeneraloberstFriedrich Wilhelm Waldemar Fromm (8 October 1888 – 12 March 1945) was a German Army officer. In World War II, Fromm was Commander in Chief of the Replacement Army (Ersatzheer), in charge of training and personnel replacement for combat divisions of the German Army, a position he occupied for most of the war.1 He was executed for failing to act against the plot of 20 July 1944 to assassinate Adolf Hitler.
In 1939, Fromm became Chief of Army Equipment and commander of the Replacement Army.3
When Operation Barbarossa stalled outside of Moscow in December 1941 and the Russian counter-attack started, Hitler took direct command of the Army and re-organized the armed forces' command structure. The Office of the Chief of Army Armament and the Reserve Army under Generaloberst Friedrich Fromm was created, subordinate to the commander in chief, army (head of the OKH, Hitler). Fromm had enough power at his disposal to control the German state because his position controlled army procurement and production and commanded all army troops inside Germany.
At the beginning of 1942, Fromm apparently recommended a defensive strategy for the entire year because of exhausted army stockpiles and the diversion of production, after the initial successes of Barbarossa in the summer of 1941.4
20 July plot
In World War II, Fromm was Commander in Chief of the Reserve Army (Ersatzheer), in charge of training and personnel replacement for the German Army, a position he occupied for most of the war. Fromm was aware that some of his subordinates, most notably his chief of staff, OberstClaus SchenkGraf von Stauffenberg, were planning an assassination attempt against Adolf Hitler. He remained quiet and agreed to have a part in it, if he became a top official of the new government after the mutiny. When the attempt to proceed with the mutiny on July 15 failed, he refused to have any further part in it.5
On 20 July, news broke that Hitler and several officers of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces had become victims of an explosion in the German military's headquarters on the Eastern Front, the Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair), near Rastenburg, East Prussia (now Kętrzyn, Poland). Fromm concluded that it was Graf von Stauffenberg and the plotters who were behind the explosion and, upon being informed over the phone by Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel that Hitler had survived the bomb, attempted to arrest them as they were initiating Operation Valkyrie (they had forged Fromm's signature to begin the operation). However, he was quickly overwhelmed and confined to a prison cell in the Bendlerblock, the Berlin headquarters of the Replacement Army, among other branches of the Wehrmacht.6
After the coup failed, Fromm was found by men of the Ersatzheer and freed. Despite protests from Otto Ernst Remer who had direct orders from Hitler to take the conspirators alive, Fromm held a summary court-martial of the active soldiers at his headquarters who had been identified or suspected of being part of the coup. As presiding official, Fromm condemned the officers to death and ordered their immediate execution by firing squad.7 As for retired Colonel-General Ludwig Beck, Fromm allowed his request to kill himself, but since he survived the suicide attempt, Fromm ordered him to be shot.8
Arrest, trial and execution
After the Bendlerblock executions, Generaloberst Fromm went to Joseph Goebbels to claim credit for suppressing the coup, to which Goebbels only said: "You have been in a damn hurry to get your witnesses below ground."9 On the morning of 22 July 1944, Fromm and other members of the conspiracy were arrested.10 Since the court, presided over by Judge Roland Freisler, failed to prove a direct association with the 20 July plotters, but his knowledge of the conspiracy plan was proven, which he never warned the high Nazi leaders about, he was instead charged and convicted for cowardice before the enemy. However, because he had executed the conspirators within reach, he was spared torture and execution by hanging with a thin rope and sentenced to a military execution.11
On 12 March 1945, Fromm was executed at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison by firing squad as part of the post-conspiracy purge by Hitler's direct order. His last words before the firing squad were reported to be: "I die, because it was ordered. I had always wanted only the best for Germany."12
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945: The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of All Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
Kroener, Bernhard R. (2005). "Der starke Mann im Heimatkriegsgebiet". Generaloberst Friedrich Fromm. Eine Biographie. Paderborn: Schoeningh, Oler family (Alberta, Canada)
Mueller, Gene: Generaloberst Friedrich Fromm. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (ed.): Hitlers militärische Elite. Vol. 1, Primus Verlag, Darmstadt 1998, ISBN 3-89678-083-2, p. 76. ↩
Matikkala, Antti (2017). Kunnian ruletti: Korkeimmat ulkomaalaisille 1941–1944 annetut suomalaiset kunniamerkit [The Roulette of Honour: The Highest Finnish Orders to Foreigners 1941–1944] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. p. 516. ISBN 978-952-222-847-5. ↩↩2